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<p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>äÈÓØ Èíä íÏíø ÇáÞÇÑÆ åÐÇ ÇáÈÍË ÇáÐí ÃÊäÇæá Ýíå ÞÖíÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æåí ÞÖíÉ ßÇäÊ æãÇ ÒÇáÊ ÊÔÛá ÌÒÁÇð æÇÓÚÇð ãä ÏÇÆÑÉ ÇáÇåÊãÇã ÇáÝßÑí æÇáÓíÇÓí</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Åäø ãæÖæÚ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ åæ ãä ÃÍÏ ÃßËÑ ÇáãæÇÖíÚ ÍÓÇÓíÉ æÇáÓÈÈ Ýí Ðáß åæ ÇáÇÚÊÞÇÏ ÇáÓÇÆÏ Ãä ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÊØÈíÞåÇ íÄÏíÇä Åáì äÒÚ ÇáÏíä ãä ÞáæÈ ÇáäÇÓ. Ýåí ÊíÇÑ íæÍí ØÑíÞÉ ÇáÍíÇÉ ÇáÊí íÏÚæ ÅáíåÇ ÊÚÊãÏ Úáì ÇáÚáã æÊÊÎÐå ÓäÏÇð áåÇ Ýåí ÅÐÇð ÍÑßÉ ÝßÑíÉ æäÍÇæá ãä ÎáÇáåÇ ÝÕá ÇáÃÝßÇÑ ÇáÏíäíÉ Úä ÇáÞÑÇÑÇÊ æÇáÞæÇäíä ÇáãÏäíÉ æÇáÓíÇÓíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><span id="more-56245"></span></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ãÇ åí ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ¿ æßíÝ äÔÃÊ æÇäÊÞáÊ ÅáíäÇ¿ æãÇ ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ¿</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÍÇæáÊ Ýí åÐÇ ÇáÈÍË ÅáÞÇÁ ÇáÖæÁ Úáì åÐÇ ÇáãæÖæÚ æÓãíÊå (ãÇ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ</strong><strong>)</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÝáÞÏ ßÇä Úáíø Ãä ÇÎÊÇÑ ãÐåÈÇð ÝßÑíÇð áíßæä ãæÖæÚÇð áÈÍËí¡ ÝÇÎÊÑÊ ÊíÇÑ (ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ) æÃËÑÊå áÃÓÈÇÈ ÚÏíÏÉ ãäåÇ</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>1</strong><strong>Ü ÛãæÖ ÇáãÏáæá ÇáÍÞíÞí áåÐÇ ÇáÇÕØáÇÍ ãËá: ÇáÏíä ááå æÇáæØä ááÌãíÚ¡ áÇ Ïíä Ýí ÇáÓíÇÓÉ æáÇ ÓíÇÓÉ Ýí ÇáÏíä</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>2</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÊæÇÝÞ Èíä ÇáÐÇÊ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ÈæÕÝåãÇ ÝßÑÉ ÛÑÈíÉ æÇÚíÉ æÈíä ãæÖæÚåÇ åæ ãÇ íÚÇäí ãäå ÇáæÇÞÚ ÇáÅÓáÇãí</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>I </strong><strong>Ü ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Ýí ÇááÛÉ</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ãÇ æÑÏ Ýí ÈÚÖ ÇáãÚÇÌã æÇáßÊÈ</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>1</strong><strong>Ü Ýí ãÚÌã ÇáÈÓÇÊí: &laquo;ÇáÚáãÇäí: ÇáÚÇãí ÇáÐí áíÓ ÈÅßáíÑíßí</strong><strong>&raquo;( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>2</strong><strong>Ü Ýí ãÚÌã æíÈÓÊÑ ÇáÔåíÑ: ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ &laquo;ÑÄíÉ ááÍíÇÉ Ãæ Ãí ÃãÑ ãÍÏÏ íÚÊãÏ ÃÓÇÓÇð Úáì Ãäå íÌÈ ÇÓÊÈÚÇÏ ÇáÏíä Úáì ÇáÇÚÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÇáÏíäíÉ æÊÌÇåáåÇ</strong><strong>&raquo;( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>3</strong><strong>Ü ÚÑÝÊ Ýí ãÚÌã Úáã ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚ ÇáãÚÇÕÑ</strong><strong> (Dictionary of modern sociology)</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ åí: (ÚáãÇäí</strong><strong> secular)/ </strong><strong>ÚáãäÉ</strong><strong> (secularization)/ </strong><strong>ãÌÊãÚ ÚáãÇäí</strong><strong> (secular society) ( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>4</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Ýí ÊÑÌãÉ áßãáÉ ÓíßæáÇÑíÒ</strong><strong> (secularism) </strong><strong>ÇáÇäÌáíÒíÉ æåí ãÔÊÞÉ ãä ßáãÉ (áÇÊíäíÉ) Óíßæáæã</strong><strong> saeculum </strong><strong>æÊÚäí ÇáÚÇáã Ãæ ÇáÏäíÇ æÊæÖÚ Ýí ãÞÇÈá ÇáßäíÓÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æÐáß Åáì ÌÇäÈ ßáãÉ (ãæäÏæÓ) Ãí (ÇáÚÇáã Ãæ ÇáÏäíÇ) æÞÏ ÇÓÊÎÏã ãÕØáÍ ÓíßæáÇÑ</strong><strong> secular </strong><strong>áÃæá ãÑÉ ãÚ ÊæÞíÚ ÕáÍ æÓÊÝÇáíÇ (ÚÇã 1648ã ) ÇáÐí Ãäåì ÂÊæä ÇáÍÑæÈ ÇáÏíäíÉ ÇáãäÏáÚÉ Ýí ÃæÑæÈÇ æÈÏÇíÉ ÙåæÑ ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÞæãíÉ ÇáÍÏíËÉ (Ãí ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ) ãÔíÑÇð Åáì ÚáãäÉ ããÊáßÇÊ ÇáßäÓíÉ ÈãÚäì äÞáåÇ Åáì ÓáØÇÊ ÛíÑ ÏíäíÉ Ãí áÓØÇÊ ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáãÏäíÉ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÊÞæá ÏÇÆÑÉ ÇáãÚÇÑÝ ÇáÈÑíØÇäíÉ ÈÃäø ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ &laquo;åí ÍÑßÉ ÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ ÊåÏÝ Åáì ÕÑÝ ÇáäÇÓ ÚäÏ ÇáÇåÊãÇã ÈÇáÂÎÑÉ Åáì ÇáÇåÊãÇã ÈÇáÍíÇÉ ÇáÏäíÇ æÍÏåÇ</strong><strong>&raquo;( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>áÞÏ ÇÊÓÚ ÇáãÌÇá ÇáÏáÇáí ááßáãÉ Úáì íÏ &laquo;Ìæä åæáíæß&raquo; (1817 Ü 1906) ÇáÐí ÚÑøÝ (ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ) ÈÃäåÇ ÇáÅíãÇä ÈÅãßÇäíÉ ÅÕáÇÍ ÍÇá ÇáÅäÓÇä ãä ÎáÇá ÇáØÑÞ ÇáãÇÏíÉ Ïæä ÇáÊÕÏí áÞÖíÉ ÇáÅíãÇä ÓæÇÁ ÈÇáÞÈæá Ãæ ÇáÑÝÖ( ) ãÍÇæáÇð ÖÑæÑÉ ÇáÊãíÒ Èíä ãÚäì ÇááÇÏíäí</strong><strong> (non-religions) </strong><strong>æÇáãÚÇÏí ááÏíä</strong><strong> (anti-religious).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>II</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Ýí ÇáÇÕØáÇÍ</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>íãßääÇ ÅÑÌÇÚ ÇáÃÕæá ÇáÝßÑíÉ ááÚáãÇäíÉ Åáì ÃÝßÇÑ ÇÈä ÑÔÏ (Ê 1198ã) Ýí ÝÕá ÇáÝáÓÝÉ æÇáÚáæã ÇáÊÌÑíÏíÉ¡ Úä ÇáÏíä æÈÇáÊÇáí ÝÕá ÇáÊÝÓíÑÇÊ ÇáÔÎÕíÉ ááäÕæÕ ÇáÏíäíÉ Úä ÃãæÑ ÇáÝáÓÝÉ æÇáÚáæã¡ æÇáÓÈÈ æÑÇÁ Ðáß åæ ÇáÏÝÚ äÍæ ÍÑíÉ ÇáÊÝßíÑ (ÎÇÕÉ ÇáÝáÓÝí) ÈÚíÏÇð Úä ÇáÑÞÇÈÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ßãÇ ÐßÑåÇ ÃÑäÓÊ ßÇÓÈÑ Ýí ßÊÇÈå (ÝáÓÝÉ ÇáÊäæíÑ) åí ÃíÏíæáæÌíÉ ÙåÑÊ ÈÚÏ ÇáäåÖÉ ÇáÃæÑæÈíÉ ææáÏÊ Ýí ÑÍã ÇáÍÑßÉ ÇáÊäæíÑíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>íäÙÑ ÚáãÇÁ ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚ Åáì ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ãä ÃÈÚÇÏåÇ ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ æÇáÓíÇÓíÉ Ýí Ííä Ãäø ÚáãÇÁ ÇáÓíÇÓÉ íäÙÑæä ÅáíåÇ ãä ÒÇæíÉ ËäÇÆíÉ ÇáÏíä æÇáÓíÇÓÉ æÚáÇãÉ ÇáßäÓíÉ ÈÇáÏæáÉ æåÐÇ åæ ÇáÈÚÏ ÇáÐí íåãäÇ Ýí ÈÍËäÇ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÅÐÇ åí ÑÄíÉ ÊÞÑÑ Ãäø ÇáÅäÓÇä Ûäí Úä ÇáÞíã ÇáÏíäíÉ æÇáãÚäæíÇÊ æÚáÇÞÉ æÊÚÇáíã ÇáæÍí( ) æÇáÚáãÇäíÉ áíÓÊ ÛíÑ ÏíäíÉ æÍÓÈ ÅäãÇ ÊäÊãí ááÂä æåäÇ¡ åÐÇ ÇáÒãÇä æÇáãßÇä æÒãäíÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ åí ÕÝÉ áÕíÞÉ ÈåÇ ãäÐ ÇáÈÏÇíÉ( )¡ ÈÇáÑÛã ãä ÎÑæÌ ãÕØáÍ (ÚáãÇäíÉ) ãä ÑÍã ÇáÊÌÑÈÉ ÇáÛÑÈíÉ ÅáÇ Ãäå ÇäÊÞá Åáì ÇáÞÇãæÓ ÇáÚÑÈí ÇáÅÓáÇãí¡ ãËíÑÇð ááÌÏá Íæá ÏáÇáÇÊå æÃÈÚÇÏå¡ æÇáæÇÞÚ Ãä ÇáÌÏá Íæá ãÕØáÍ (ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Ýí ÊÑÌãÊå ÇáÚÑÈíÉ ÈÚÏ ÅÝÑÇÒå ØÈíÚíÇð áÇÎÊáÇÝ ÇáÝßÑ æÇáããÇÑÓÉ ÇáÛÑÈíÉ Úä ÇáÅÓáÇãíÉ ÇáÊí ÃäÊÌÊ åÐÇ ÇáãÝåæã áßä Ðáß áã íãäÚ ÇáãÝßÑíä ÇáÚÑÈ ÈÔÃä ÊÚÑíÝ ãÕØáÍ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá: íÑÝÖ ÇáãÝßÑ ÇáãÛÑÈí (ãÍãÏ ÚÇÈÏ ÇáÌÇÈÑí) ÊÚÑíÝ ãÕØáÍ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ÈÇÚÊÈÇÑå ÝÞØ ÝÕá ÇáßäíÓÉ Úä ÇáÏæáÉ áÚÏã ãáÇÁãÊå ÇáæÇÞÚ ÇáÚÑÈí ÇáÅÓáÇãí æíÑì ÇÓÊÈÏÇáå ÈÝßÑÉ ÇáÏíãÞÑÇØíÉ ÍÝÙ ÍÞæÞ ÇáÃÝÑÇÏ æÇáÌãÇÚÇÊ æÇáÚÞáÇäíÉ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ãÑÇÍá ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Ãæ (ÕæÑåÇ</strong><strong>)</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÐåÈ ÇáÈÚÖ Åáì Ãäø ÇáÝßÑ ÇáÚáãÇäí ÇáÃæÑæÈí ãÑø ÈãÑÍáÊíä</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>1</strong><strong>Ü ÇáãÑÍáÉ Ãæ (ÇáÕæÑÉ) ÇáÃæáì: ãÑÍáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ÇáãÚÊÏáÉ¡ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ÛíÑ ÇáãáÍÏÉ æåí ÚáãÇäíÉ áÇ ÊäßÑ æÌæÏ Çááå æÊÄãä Èå ÅíãÇäÇð äÙÑíÇð áßäåÇ ÊäßÑ ÊÏÎá ÇáÏíä Ýí ÔÄæä ÇáÏäíÇ æÊäÇÏí ÈÚÒá ÇáÏíä Úä ÇáÏäíÇ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æåí ãÑÍáÉ ÇáÞÑäíä ÇáÓÇÈÚ ÚÔÑ æÇáËÇãä ÚÔÑ æÇÚÊÈÑ ÇáÏíä Ýíå ÃãÑÇð ÔÎÕíÇð</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æÇáÊÝßíÑ ÇáÚáãÇäí Ýí åÐå ÇáãÑÍáÉ æÅä ØÇáÈ ÈÊÃßíÏ ÇáÝÕá Èíä ÇáÏæáÉ æÇáßäíÓÉ ÅáÇ Ãäå áã íÓáÈ ÇáãÓíÍíÉ ßÏíä ãä ßá ÞíãÉ áåÇ. æÅä ßÇä íäßÑ ÝíåÇ ÈÚÖ ÊÚÇáíãåÇ¡ æíØÇáÈ ÈÅÎÖÇÚ ÊÚÇáíã ÇáãÓíÍíÉ Åáì ÇáÚÞá¡ æÅáì ãÈÇÏÆ ÇáØÈíÚÉ ããÇ äÔà Úäå ÇáãÐåÈ ÇáãÚÑæÝ ÈÇÓã ãÐåÈ ÇáÑÈæÈííä¡ æåæ ãÐåÈ íÚÊÑÝ ÈæÌæÏ Çááå ßÇÕá ááÚÇáã¡ æáßäå íäßÑ ÇáÅÚÌÇÒ æÇáæÍí æÊÏÎá Çááå Ýí ÇáÚÇáã</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æãä ÏÚÇÉ åÐå ÇáãÑÍáÉ: ÝæáÊíÑ (1694 Ü 1713ã) Ýí ÝÑäÓÇ¡ æÔÝÊÓíÑí (1671 Ü 1713ã) Ýí ÇäßáÊÑÇ¡ æáíÓäÌ (1729 Ü 1781ã) Ýí ÃáãÇäíÇ¡ æÇáÝíáÓæÝ ÇáÅäÌáíÒí Ìæä áæß (1632 Ü 1714ã)¡ æåæÈÒ (1588 Ü 1678ã)¡ æÏíßÇÑÊ¡ æÈíßæä¡ æÓÈíäæÒÇ¡ æÌÇä ÌÇß ÑæÓæ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>2</strong><strong>Ü ÇáãÑÍáÉ Ãæ (ÇáÕæÑÉ) ÇáËÇäíÉ: ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ÇáãáÍÏÉ: ÊäßÑ æÌæÏ Çááå ÇáÎÇáÞ¡ æáÇ ÊÚÊÑÝ ÈÔíÁ ãä Ðáß</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æåí ãÑÍáÉ ÇáÚåÏ ÇáãÇÏí Ãæ ãÇ íÓãì ÈÇáËæÑÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ¡ æåí ãÑÍáÉ ÇáÞÑä ÇáÊÇÓÚ ÚÔÑ æãÇ ÈÚÏå¡ æÚáãÇäíÉ åÐå ÇáãÑÍáÉ åí ãÑÍáÉ ÅáÛÇÁ ÇáÏíä Ü Ãí Ïíä ÅáÛÇÁð ßáíÇð æÚÏã ÇáÅíãÇä ÈÇáÃãæÑ ÇáÛíÈíÉ¡ æáíÓ ÝÕáÇð Èíäå æÈíä ÇáÏæáÉ ßãÇ åæ ÇáãÝåæã Ýí ÇáãÑÍáÉ ÇáÃæáì¡ æÇÚÊÈÇÑ Ãä ÇáãæÌæÏ ÇáÍÞíÞí åæ ÇáãÍÓæÓ ÝÞØ¡ æÇáÏÇÝÚ ÚáíåÇ åæ ÇáÇÓÊÆËÇÑ ÈÇáÓáØÉ¡ æáÐáß ßÇäÊ ÇáÚáãÇäí ÛíÑ ãÓÇæíÉ áãÝåæã ÇáÝÕá Èíä ÇáßäíÓÉ æÇáÏæáÉ¡ Èá ßÇäÊ ÅáÛÇÁ ááÏíä ßãÞÏãÉ ÖÑæÑíÉ Åáì ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáãäÝÑÏÉ ÇáÊí åí ÓáØÉ ÌãÇÚÉ ÇáÚãá Ãæ ÇáãÌÊãÚ Ãæ ÇáÏæáÉ Ãæ ÇáÍÒÈ ÍÓÈ ÊÍÏíÏ ÈÚÖ ÇáÔíæÚííä ÇáíÓÇÑííä</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æãä ÏÚÇÉ åÐå ÇáãÑÍáÉ: åíÌíá æÝíÑÈÇÎ æßÇá ãÇÑßÓ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÇáÃÓÓ ÇáäÙÑíÉ ááÚáãÇäíÉ</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>1</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÚÞáÇäíÉ: Ýãä ÇáÃÓÓ ÇáäÙÑíÉ ááÚáãÇäíÉ: ÇáÚÞáÇäíÉ</strong><strong> (rationalism) </strong><strong>ÇáÊí ÊäØáÞ ãä ÃÕÇáÉ ÇáÚÞá¡ æãÑÌÚíÊå ÇáãØáÞÉ. Ãæ ÇáÚÞáÇäíÉ ÇáÚäíÝÉ æÇáãÝÑØÉ¡ Ãí ÇáÇÚÊÞÇÏ ÈÃäø ááÚÞá ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇáÍíÇÉ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ æÊÏÈíÑåÇ ÈãÝÑÏå æÈãÚÒá Úä ÇáæÍí æÇáÏíä æÇáÊÚÇáíã ÇáÅáåíÉ. ãÈÏà ÃÓÇÓ ãä ãÈÇÏÆ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>2</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÃäÓíÉ: ÃãÇ ÇáÑßä ÇáÂÎÑ ááÚáãÇäíÉ Ýåæ ÇáäÒÚÉ ÇáÃäÓíøÉ</strong><strong> (Humanism)</strong><strong>¡ ÇáÞÇÆãÉ Úáì ãÈÏà ÃÕÇáÉ ÇáÅäÓÇä¡ æßæä ÇáÅäÓÇä ãÑßÒ ÇáæÌæÏ¡ æÎÇáÞ áÌãíÚ ÇáÝÖÇÆá æãÈÏÚåÇ¡ ÝáÇ ÞíãÉ ááÝÖÇÆá æÇáÃÎáÇÞ ãÇ áã ÊÑÊÈØ ÈÇáÅäÓÇä æÚãáå æÊÄæá Åáíå. æÍÓÈ åÐÇ ÇáÑÃí ÝÅäø ÇáÞíã ÇáÃÎáÇÞíÉ æÇáÃæÇãÑ æÇáäæÇåí æÃÓáæÈ ÇáÍíÇÉ æÇáÝÖÇÆá æÇáÑÐÇÆá áÇ íäÈÛí ÊÚáãåÇ ãä ÇáæÍí æÃÎÐåÇ ãä ÚÇáã ÇáÛíÈ¡ æáÐáß áÚÏã æÌæÏ ãËá åÐÇ ÇáÚÇáã¡ æÚáì ÝÑÖ æÌæÏå¡ ÝáÇ ÍÇÌÉ ááÅäÓÇä Åáíå¡ áÃäø ÇáÝÖÇÆá ÕäíÚÊå åæ.. æáÇ ÍÇÌÉ áÊÚÇáíã ÇáÃÏíÇä æÊÏÎá ÇáæÍí æÚÇáã ÇáÛíÈ Ýí ÊÚííä ÍÓä ÃãÑ Ãæ ÝÚá æÞÈÍåãÇ¡ æÍÓÈ ÇáÅäÓÇä Ýí ÊäÙíã ÔÄæä ÍíÇÊå æãÌÊãÚå Ãä íÚÊãÏ Úáì ÇáÚÞá ÇáÌãÚí æÊæÇÝÞ ÃÝÑÇÏ ãÌÊãÚå æÇáÊÎØíØ ÇáÚáãí æÇáÚÞáÇäí æÇáÏÞÉ Ýí ÇáÊÞÏíÑ æÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáÃÓÇáíÈ æÇáäÙÑíÇÊ ÇáÚáãíÉ Ýí ÇáÅÏÇÑÉ. ÝÇáÚÞá ÞÇÏÑ ÈãÝÑÏÉ Úáì Ãä íãíÒ Èíä ÇáÍÓä æÇáÞÈíÍ¡ æÇáÝÖíáÉ æÇáÑÐíáÉ¡ æÃä íÍÏÏ áäÇ ÃíåÇ ãØáæÈ æÃíåÇ ãÑÝæÖ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>3</strong><strong>Ü ÇáäÓÈíÉ: ÇáÃÓÇÓ ÇáäÙÑí ÇáÂÎÑ ááÚáãÇäíÉ åæ ÇáäÓÈíÉ</strong><strong> (Relativism) </strong><strong>Úáì ÇáÕÚíÏíä ÇáÃÎáÇÞí æÇáãÚÑÝí</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æÞÏ ÇÓÊäÏ ÇáÚáãÇäíæä¡ Ýí ÊÓæíÛåã ááäÓÈíÉ ÇáÃÎáÇÞíÉ æÇáãÚÑÝíÉ¡ Åáì ÅãßÇäíÉ ÎØà ÇáÅäÓÇä æãÍÏæÏíÉ Ýåãå æÅÏÑÇßå. æÊÞæã åÐå ÇáäÙÑíÉ¡ ÇáÊí íÚÈÑ ÚäåÇ ÈÜ (ÇáÊÎØÆÉ) ÃíÖÇð¡ Úáì ÇÝÊÑÇÖ Ãäø ÇáÅäÓÇä ãæÌæÏ ãÍÊãá ÇáÎØà æÇáÒáá¡ Ðæ ÅÏÑÇß ãÍÏæÏ¡ æÚáíå ÝáÇ ÊÊæÞøÚ æÊÑÊÌì ÅáæåíÊå. æÞÏ ÊÓÑÈ ÇáÎØà æÇáÊÞííÏ Åáì ÅÏÑÇßå æÝåãå¡ ÝÃÕÇÈ ãÚÑÝÊå Úáì ÌãíÚ ÇáÃÕÚÏÉ ÈÇáäÓÈíÉ æÇáÞÕæÑ æÇáÖíÞ¡ æÈÇáÊÇáí ÊÞÕÑ ãÚÑÝÉ ßåÐå Úä ÈáæÛ ãÓÊæì ÇáÊÞÏíÓ. æãÇ ÌÇÁ Ýí ÈÚÖ ÇáßÊÇÈÇÊ ãä Ãäø ÇáãÚÑÝÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ ãÚÑÝÉ ÈÔÑíÉ¡ æãÇ ßÇä ÐÇ ÍíËíÉ ÈÔÑíÉ Ýåæ ÚÑÖÉ ááäÞÏ æÇáÎØà æÇáäÓÈíÉ æÇáãÍÏæÏíøÉ æÏæä ãÓÊæì ÇáÊÞÏíÓ¡ ÅäãÇ íäØáÞ ãä Êáß ÇáÑÄíÉ äÝÓåÇ ÇáãÎØÆÉ ááÅäÓÇä¡ ÑÛã Ãä ÇáÞÇÆá ÈÐáß íÎÊáÝ ãÚ ÇáÚáãÇäííä Ýí ÓÇÆÑ ãÈÇäíåã ÇáÝßÑíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>4</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÞØíÚÉ ãÚ ÇáÊÑÇË: æãä ÃÓÓ ÇáÃíÏíæáæÌíÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æãÈÇÏÆåÇ ãÎÇáÝÉ ÇáÊÑÇË æãßÇÝÍÊå</strong><strong> (anti-traditionalism) </strong><strong>æäÈÐå¡ æÇáÅÞÈÇá Ü Ýí ãÞÇÈá Ðáß Ü Úáì ßá ãÇ åæ ÌÏíÏ¡ æÈÚÈÇÑÉ ÃÎÑì¡ ÝÅäø ÇáÊÌÏíÏ æÇáÍÏÇËÉ</strong><strong> (Modernism) </strong><strong>ãä ÇáÓãÇÊ ÇáãáÇÒãÉ ááÚáãÇäíÉ ÇáÊí áÇ ÊäÝß ÚäåÇ. Ýåí ãä ÌåÉ ÊßÇÝÍ ÇáÊÑÇË æÊÓÚì áÊÌÇæÒå¡ æÊÚãá ãä ÌåÉ ÃÎÑì Úáì ÊÑæíÌ ÇáÊÌÏíÏ æÇáÍÏÇËÉ æäÔÑåãÇ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÃÓÈÇÈ ÙåæÑ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÙÑæÝ äÔÃÊåÇ Ýí ÇáÛÑÈ æíÔÊãá Úáì ãÇ íáí</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>äÔÃÊ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ äÊÇÌ ÕÑÇÚ ãÑíÑ æãÎáÝÇÊ ÚÞæÏ ãä ÇáãÚÇäÇÉ ÚÇÔåÇ ÇáÛÑÈ ÇáãÓíÍí Ýí Ùá ÃæÖÇÚ ÛÇíÉ ãä ÇáÊÎáÝ æÇáÞÓæÉ æÇÑÊÈÇØ Êáß ÇáÃæÖÇÚ ÇáãÃÓÇæíÉ ÈÇáÏíä¡ ÝÞÏ ÛÏÊ ÇáßäíÓÉ Ýí ÇáÛÑÈ ÇáãÓíÍí ãÕÏÑÇð ááÙáã æãÕÏÑÇð ááÌåá æÇäÊÔÇÑ ÇáÎÑÇÝÉ æÇáÏÌá æÃÕÈÍ ÑÌÇá ÇáÏíä (ÇáÃßáíÑæÓ) ÚÈÆÇð ËÞíáÇð æßÇÈæÓÇð ãÑíÚÇð íÓæãæä ÇáäÇÓ ÓæÁ ÇáÚÐÇÈ ÝßÑíÇð æãÇáíÇð æÌÓÏíÇð¡ ÝÞÏ ßÇäÊ ÇáßäíÓÉ ÓäÏÇð ÞæíÇð áÑÌÇá ÇáÅÞØÇÚ¡ ÝÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ßÇäÊ ÍáÇð ÅÌÑÇÆíÇð ááÓíØÑÉ Úáì ãÔßáÉ ÇáÕÑÇÚÇÊ ÇáÏíäíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl; text-align: left;"><strong>ÝÅÐÇ ÃÓÈÇÈ ÙåæÑ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æäÔÃÊåÇ íÔÊãá Úáì ãÇ íáí</strong><strong>:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.civicegypt.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg"><img width="300" height="200" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-39845" src="http://www.civicegypt.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-300x200.jpg" alt="ÑÌÇá Ïíä" /></a></strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>I</strong><strong>Ü ØÛíÇä ÑÌÇá ÇáßäíÓÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÝÞÏ Ôãá ØÛíÇä ÇáßäíÓÉ ÇáäæÇÍí ÇáÊÇáíÉ</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Ã Ü ÇáØÛíÇä ÇáÏíäí</strong><strong>. </strong><strong>È Ü ÇáØÛíÇä ÇáÓíÇÓí Ì Ü ÇáØÛíÇä ÇáãÇáí</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Ã Ü ÇáØÛíÇä ÇáÏíäí: ãäÐ ãÌãÚ äíÞíÉ ÓäÉ 325 æÇáßäíÓÉ ÊãÇÑÓ ÇáØÛíÇä ÇáÏíäí Ýí ÃÈÔÚ ÕæÑÉ¡ ÝÇáÃÍßÇã ÇáÊÔÑíÚíÉ ãÚÙãåÇ ÃæÇãÑ æÞÑÇÑÇÊ ÇáßäíÓÉ ÇáÈÇÈæíå¡ ãÇ ÃäÒá Çááå ÈåÇ ãä ÓáØÇä¡ æåí ÊÍáá æÊÍÑã ãä ÛíÑ Ãä íßæä áåÇ ãÓÊäÏ ãä ßÊÇÈ Çááå</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æÅÐÇ ÇäÊÞáäÇ Åáì ÌÇäÈ ÇáÎÑÇÝÉ ÝäÌÏ Ãä ÇáßäíÓÉ æÞÏ ÑÓÎÊ Ýí ÇáäÇÓ ÇáÎÑÇÝÉ ÈÇÓã ÇáÏíä¡ ÝåäÇß Õßæß ÇáÛÝÑÇä ÇáÊí íÔÊÑíåÇ ÇáÚÇãÉ ãÑÛãíä Ýí ÈÚÖ ÇáÇÍíÇä ÇáÊí ÈãÞÊÖÇåÇ ÊÒÚã ÇáßäíÓÉ Ãäå íÛÝÑ ááÅäÓÇä ãÇ ÊÞÏã ãä ÐäÈå æãÇ ÊÃÎÑ Èå</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÝÇáãÌãÚ ÇáËÇäí ÚÔÑ ÇáãÚÑæÝ ÈÇÓã ãÌãÚ áÇÊíÑÇä ÓäÉ 1215ã ÞÑÇÑ íãäÍ ÇáÈÇÈÇ ÍÞ ÇãÊáÇß ÇáÛÝÑÇä</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>È Ü ÇáØÛíÇä ÇáÓíÇÓí: áÞÏ åíãä ÇáØÛíÇä ÇáÓíÇÓí ÈÔßá Þæí Êáß ÇáÝÊÑÉ æÎÇÕÉ Ãä ÓáØÉ ÇáÈÇÈÇ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ ßÇäÊ ãåíãäÉ Úáì ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ ÍÊì Ãäå ßÇä íÓÊØíÚ Ãä íÊæÌ Çáãáæß æÇáÃÈÇØÑÉ¡ æÃä íÎáÝåã ÅÐÇ äÇÒÚæå æÑÝÖæÇ ÃæÇãÑå</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ãËáÇð: ÇáÈÇÈÇ (ÌÑíÌæÑí) ÇáÓÇÈÚ ÎáÚ ÇáÇãÈÑÇØæÑ ÇáÃáãÇäí åäÑí ÇáÑÇÈÚ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ãÇÑÓÊ ÇáßäíÓÉ ÇáØÛíÇä ÇáÓíÇÓí: ÝÞÏ ÊÍæá ÑÌÇá ÇáÏíä Åáì ØæÇÛíÊ æãÍÊÑÝíä ÓíÇÓííä íãÊáßåã ÔåæÉ ÚÇÑãÉ ááÊÓáØ æÑÛÈÉ ÔÑåÉ Ýí ÇáÇÓÊÈÏÇÏ¡ ÌÇÁ Ýí ÇáÈíÇä ÇáÐí ÃÚáäå ÇáÈÇÈÇ (äÞæáÇ ÇáÃæá) Þæáå</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>&laquo;</strong><strong>Åäø ÇÈä Çááå ÃäÔà ÇáßäíÓÉ ÈÃä ÌÚá ÇáÑÓæá ÈØÑÓ ÇáÃæá ÑÆíÓÇð áåÇ æÅä ÃÓÇÞÝÉ ÑæãÇ æÑËæÇ ÈØÑÓ Ýí ÊÓáÓá ãÓÊãÑ¡ ÝÅäø ÇáÈÇÈÇ ããËá Çááå Úáì ÇáÃÑÖ íÌÈ Ãä Êßæä áå ÇáÓíÇÏÉ ÇáÚáíÇ æÇáÓáØÇä ÇáÃÚÙã Úáì ÌãíÚ ÇáãÓíÍííä ÍßÇãÇð ßÇäæÇ Ãæ ãÍßæãíä</strong><strong>&raquo;.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Ì Ü ÇáØÛíÇä ÇáãÇáí: íÞæá æá ÏíæÇÑäÊ ÃÕÈÍÊ ÇáßäíÓÉ ÃßÈÑ ãáÇß ÇáÃÑÇÖí æÃßÈÑ ÇáÓÇÏÉ ÇáÅÞØÇÚííä Ýí ÃæÑæÈÇ ÝÈíÊÑ ßÇä ÏíÑÇð ÝáÐÇ ãËáÇð íãÊáß (15000) ãÞÑ ÕíÝí æßÇä ÏíÑ (ÓÇäÊ Ìæá) íãÊáß (2000) ãä ÑÞíÞ ÇáÃÑÖ¡ ÝÇáßäíÓÉ Ýí ÇäßáÊÑÇ ÊãÊáß 1/4 ãä ÇáÃÑÇÖí</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æßÐáß ÈÑÛã ãä äåí ÇáÃäÇÌíá Úä ÇÞÊäÇÁ ÇáËÑæÉ æÇáãÇá ÅáÇ Ãäø ÇáßäíÓÉ ßÇäÊ ÊÍÇæá ÇÍÊáÇá ÇáßËíÑ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÇäÌíá ãÊì: &laquo;áÇ ÊÞÊäæÇ ÐåÈÇð æáÇ ÝÖÉ æáÇ äÍÇÓÇð Ýí ãäÇÍÞßã¡ æáÇ ãÒæÏÇð ááØÑíÞ æáÇËæííä æáÇ ÃÍÐíÉ æáÇ ÚÕÇ&raquo;( ) æÈÇáÑÛã ãä åÐÇ ÇáäÏÇÁ ÅáÇ Ãäø ÇáßäíÓÉ ßÇäÊ ÊÍÇæá ÌÇåÏÉ Åáì ÌãÚ ÇáãÇá æÇáÇÓÊßËÇÑ ãä ÇáËÑæÇÊ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æãä ÃÈÑÒ ØÛíÇä ÇáßäíÓÉ ÇáãÇáí ÝÑÖåÇ ááåÈÇÊ æÇáÚØÇíÇ æÇáÖÑÇÆÈ (ÇáÚÔæÑ) æÇáÚãá ÈÇáÓÎÑÉ áÏíåÇ æÝí ÃÑÇÖíåÇ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÝÇáßäíÓÉ ßÇäÊ ÕÇÍÈÉ ÇáÓáØÉ ØæÇá ÇáÞÑæä ÇáæÓØí Ýí ÃæÑæÈÇ æãÇ äÊÌ ÚäåÇ ÏÝÚ ÇáÃæÑæÈííä áÊæØíÏ ÝßÑÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÐáß ãä ÌÑÇÁ ÇáÍÑæÈ ÇáÏíäíÉ Èíäåã æÈíä ÇáßäíÓÉ¡ ÝÌÇÁÊ ãÚÇåÏÉ æÓÊÝÇáíÇ (1648) ÊÄßÏ Úáì ÝÕá ÇáÏíä Úä ÇáÍíÇÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>II </strong><strong>Ü ÇáÕÑÇÚ Èíä ÇáßäíÓÉ æÇáÚáã</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>áÞÏ ßÇä ÇáÕÑÇÚ Èíä ÇáßäíÓÉ æÇáÚáã ãÓÊãÑ Ýí ÇáÞÑä ÇáÓÇÈÚ ÚÔÑ æÇáËÇãä ÚÔÑ æãØáÚ ÇáÚÕÑ ÇáÍÏíË æåæ íÚÊÈÑ ãä ÃÚãÞ æÃÚÞÏ ÇáãÔßáÇÊ Ýí ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÝßÑ ÇáÃæÑæÈí</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÝÞÏ äßáÊ ÇáßäíÓÉ Èßá ãä íÎÇáÝåÇ ÇáãÚÊÞÏ æÇÊåãÊåã ÈÇáåÑØÞÉ æÇáßÝÑ ÝÚäÏãÇ ÈÑÒÊ ÈÚÖ ÇáäÙÑíÇÊ ÇáãäÇåÖÉ áãÇ ÊÞæá Èå ÇáßäíÓÉ ãËá</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÇáäÙÑíÉ ÇáãÊÚáÞÉ ÈÍÑßÉ ÇáÃÑÖ æßÑæíÊåÇ ÝÞÏ æÞÝÊ ÇáßäíÓÉ ÈæÌå ÊÞÏã ÇáÚáã ÚäÏåÇ æáÏ Ýí äÝæÓ ÇáäÇÓ ÔÚæÑÇð ÚÇÑãÇð ÈÇÍÊßÇÑ ÇáÏíä æÇáäÝæÑ ãäå ÝÙåÑÊ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ßÅØÇÑ Úáãí Ýí ÇáÈÚÏ Úä ÓáØÇä ÇáßäíÓÉ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æÃíÖÇð ãä Ãåã ÇáÍÑßÇÊ ÇáÊí æÞÝÊ ÖÏ ÇáßäíÓÉ ÍÑßÉ ãÇÑÊä áæËÑ¡ ÝÞÏ ÍØãÊ ÇáæÍÏÉ ÇáÔßáíÉ ááÚÇáã ÇáÛÑÈí æÃÖÚÝÊ ÓáØÉ ÇáßäíÓÉ ÇáãÑßÒíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>III </strong><strong>ÇáËæÑÉ ÇáÝÑäÓíÉ 1789ã</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>áÞÏ ßÇäÊ ÇáËæÑÉ ÇáÝÑäÓíÉ ÝÇÊÍÉ ÚÕÑ ÌÏíÏ ÖÏ ÇáßäíÓÉ æÇáãáÇß ÇáÅÞØÇÚííä</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÝÞÏ äÊÌ Úä åÐå ÇáËæÑÉ äÊÇÆÌ ÈÇáÛÉ ÇáÃåãíÉ ÝÞÏ æáÏÊ Ãæá ãÑÉ Ýí ÊÇÑíÎ ÃæÑæÈÇ ÇáãÓíÍíÉ ÏæáÉ ÌãåæÑíÉ ÚáãÇäíÉ áÇ ÏíäíÉ ÊÞæã ÝáÓÝÊåÇ Úáì ÇáÍßã ÈÇÓã ÇáÔÚÈ æáíÓ ÈÇÓã Çááå æÚáì ÍÑíÉ ÇáÊÏíä ÈÏáÇð ãä ÇáßËáßÉ æÚáì ÇáÍÑíÉ ÇáÔÎÕíÉ ÈÏáÇð ãä ÇáÊÞíÏ ÈÇáÃÎáÇÞ ÇáÏíäíÉ æÚáì ÏÓÊæÑ æÖÚí ÈÏáÇð ãä ÞÑÇÑÇÊ ÇáßäíÓÉ æÞÏ ßÇä äÌÇÍ ÇáËæÑÉ ÇáÝÑäÓíÉ ÍÇÝÒÇð ÞæíÇð áÈÞíÉ ÇáÔÚæÈ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ãä ÈÚÏåÇ ÇäÊåÊ ÇáÚÕæÑ ÇáæÓØì (ÚÕÑ ÇáÙáÇã æÊÍßã ÇáßäíÓÉ) áíäÊÌ ÚÕÑ ÇáÃäæÇÑ Úáì ãÞæáÉ ßÇäØ ÇáÔåíÑÉ: &laquo;ÅÎÑÇÌ ÇáÅäÓÇä ãä ÍÇáÉ ÇáÞÕæÑ ÇáãÓÄæá ÚäåÇ æÍÏå Ïæä ÛíÑå&raquo;. æÞÏ ÇÚÊÈÑÊ ÇáËæÑÉ ÈÃäø ÇáÏíä æÇáßäíÓÉ ÇáãÕÏÑ ÇáÃÚÙã áßá ÇáÔÑæÑ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ æÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ æíÌÈ ÇáÊÎáÕ ãäåÇ¡ ÝáÐÇ ßÇä Úáì ÇáÅäÓÇä Ãä íÎæÖ ãÚÑßÉ ÖÇÑíÉ ÖÏ ãÕÏÑ ÇáÔÑæÑ Ãí ÇáÏíä ÚãæãÇð æÇáßäíÓÉ áíäÊÞá ãä ØæÑ ÇáÚÌÒ Åáì ØæÑ ÇáÍÑíÉ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÚæÇãá ÇäÊÞÇá ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Åáì ÇáÚÇáã ÇáÅÓáÇãí</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÈÏÃÊ ÝßÑÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ÊÛÒæ ÇáÚÇáã ÇáÅÓáÇãí Ýí ÈÏÇíÉ ÇáÞÑä ÇáÚÔÑíä æÐáß Úáì ÃäÞÇÖ ÇáÎáÇÝÉ ÇáÚËãÇäíÉ Ëã ÓÑÊ Åáì ÃßËÑ ÈáÏÇä ÇáÚÇáã ÇáÅÓáÇãí æßÇäÊ åäÇß ÚÏÉ ÚæÇãá ÑÆíÓíÉ ÓÇÚÏÊ Úáì ÙåæÑ ÇäÊÞÇá ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Åáì ÇáÚÇáã ÇáÅÓáÇãí ÃåãåÇ</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>1</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÇÓÊÚãÇÑ ÇáÛÑÈí: áÞÏ ÓíØÑ ÇáÛÑÈ Úáì ÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáÏæá ÇáÅÓáÇãíÉ ãËáÇð ÓíØÑÊ ÝÑäÓÇ Úáì ãÕÑ (Úáì íÏ äÇÈáíæä) 1798 Ü 1801 ã ãÍÇæáÉ äÔÑ ËÞÇÝÊåÇ¡ æßÐáß ÇÍÊáÇá åæáäÏÇ ááÃäÏæäíÓíÇ ÌÒÑ ÇáåäÏ ÇáÔÑÞíÉ Ýí ÈÏÇíÉ ÇáÞÑä ÇáÓÇÈÚ ÚÔÑ Úä ØÑíÞ ÔÑßÉ ÇáåäÏ ÇáåæáäÏíÉ ÇáÊí ÊÃÓÓÊ ÓäÉ 1602ã ÇÓÊíáÇÁ ÇáÅäßáíÒ ÈÕæÑÉ ßÇãáÉ Úáì ÇáåäÏ ÓäÉ 1857ã æÍßãåÇ ÇáãÈÇÔÑ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æÞÏ ÔåÏ ÇáäÕÝ ÇáËÇäí ãä ÇáÞÑä ÇáÊÇÓÚ ÚÔÑ ÇáãíáÇÏí ÓíØÑÉ ÇáÇÓÊÚãÇÑ ÇáÛÑÈí Úáì ÌãíÚ ÇáÚÇáã ÇáÅÓáÇãí¡ ãÍÇæáÉ ãäåÇ Ýí ÈË ËÞÇÝÊåÇ æÃíÏíæáæÌíÊåÇ Ýí ÇáÚÇáã ÇáÅÓáÇãí æãä ÎáÇá Ðáß ÏÎáÊ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Åáì ÇáãÌÊãÚ ÇáÅÓáÇãí¡ æÞÏ Êã äÔÑåÇ ãä ÎáÇá</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÍÕÑ ÇáÊÚáíã ÇáÏíäí¡ äÔÑ ÇáãÏÇÑÓ ÇáÃÌäÈíÉ Ýí ÇáÈáÇÏ ÇáÅÓáÇãíÉ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>2</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÛÒæ ÇáÝßÑí: ÈÚÏãÇ äÌÍ ÇáÇÓÊÚãÇÑ Ýí ÇáÏÎæá Åáì ËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÏæá ÇáÅÓáÇãíÉ ÈÏà ÇáÛÒæ ÇáËÞÇÝí ÝÞÏ ÛÒÊ ÇáäÙÑíÉ ÇáãÇÏíÉ ãÄÓÓÇÊ ÇáÊÚáíã æÇáËÞÇÝÉ ãä ÌåÉ¡ ÝÃÍßãÊ ÓíØÑÊåÇ ÚáíåÇ¡ æÊÓááÊ Åáì ãÄÓÓÇÊ ÇáÊÔÑíÚ æÇáÞÖÇÁ ãä ÌåÉ ÃÎÑì</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÝÞÏ ÏÎáÊ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Åáì ÇáÝßÑ ÇáÅÓáÇãí ãä ÎáÇá ÚÏÉ ãÝÇåíã ãäåÇ: ÇáÊãÏøä¡ ÇáÍÏÇËÉ¡ ÇáÊÚÈíÑ ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚí æÇáÊÍÖÑ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>3</strong><strong>Ü ÇáãÓÊÔÑÞæä: áÞÏ ÃËÑ ÇáãÓÊÔÑÞæä Ýí ÇáÝßÑ ÇáÚÑÈí ÇáÅÓáÇãí æÐáß ãä ÎáÇá ÇáÊÏÑíÓ ÇáÌÇãÚí¡ æÃíÖÇð ãä ÎáÇá ÇáÊÃáíÝ Ýí ÔÊì ãÌÇáÇÊ ÇáÏÑÇÓÇÊ ÇáÚÑÈíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æãä ÃÈÑÒ ÇáßÊÈ ÇáÊí ßÊÈåÇ ÇáãÓÊÔÑÞæä</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Ü ÏÇÆÑÉ ÇáãÚÇÑÝ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Ü ÞÇãæÓ ÇáãäÌÏ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Ü ÇáãæÓæÚÉ ÇáÛÑÈíÉ ÇáãíÓÑÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>4</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÈÚËÇÊ Åáì ÇáÎÇÑÌ: ÐåÇÈ ÇáØáÇÈ ãä ÃÈäÇÁ ÇáãÓáãíä Åáì Ïæá ÃæÑæÈÇ ßãÇ ÍÕá Ýí ãÕÑ ÎáÇá ÚåÏ äÇÈáíæä ÝÊã ÅÑÓÇáå ÈÚËÇÊ Åáì ÝÑäÓÇ áÇßÊÓÇÈ ËÞÇÝÉ ÌÏíÏÉ ÊÓÇÚÏ Ýí ÊØæÑ ÇáÝßÑ ÇáÚÑÈí æãä ÃÈÑÒ ãÝßÑí ÚÕÑ ÇáäåÖÉ ÇáÐíä ÊÃËÑæÇ ÈÇáÝßÑ ÇáÃæÑæÈí æÍÇæáæÇ ÊØÈíÞå ÚäÏãÇ ÚÇÏæÇ Åáì ãÕÑ ÇáØåØÇæí ÇáÐí ÊÑÌã ÇáÏÓÊæÑ ÇáÝÑäÓí¡ æãÍãÏ ÚÈÏæ ÇáÐí ÍÇæá ÊÌÏíÏ ÇáÏíä</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>5</strong><strong>Ü ÇáÔíæÚíÉ: ÙåæÑ ßÇÓÍ ááÍÑßÉ ÇáÔíæÚíÉ Ýí ãÎÊáÝ ÇáÈáÏÇä ÇáÚÑÈíÉ (ÝÞÏ ßÇäÊ ÇáÔíæÚíÉ ãÓÇäÏÉ ááÞæãíÉ ÇáÚÑÈíÉ ãËáÇð ÎáÇá ÝÊÑÉ Íßã ÌãÇá ÚÈÏ ÇáäÇÕÑ Ýí ãÕÑ/ æÞÝ ÇáÔíæÚííä ÈÌÇäÈ ÇáãÕÑííä</strong><strong>).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ãÇ ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÇÚÊÈÑ ÇáÔíÎ ãÍãÏ ãåÏí ÔãÓ ÇáÏíä Ýí ÅÍÏì ãÞÇáÇÊå ÈÃäø ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ÊÞæã Úáì ÃãÑíä ãÊßÇãáíä åãÇ</strong><strong>:</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Ü ãÕÏÑ ÇáÔÑÚíÉ Ýí ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Ü ÇáÊÔÑíÚ ÇáÏÓÊæÑí æÇáÞÇäæäí Ýí ÇáÏæáÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÈÇáäÓÈÉ Åáì ÇáÃãÑ ÇáÃæá ÊÚäí ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ Ãäø ÇáÔÑÚíÉ ÇáÊí ÊÎæá ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ Ãä ÊÍßã ÇáãÌÊãÚ æÊÓíøÑå æÝÞÇð áãÝÇåíãåÇ æÎØØåÇ áíÓÊ ãÓÊãÏÉ ãä Çááå. Ãí ÃäåÇ áíÓÊ ãÓÊãÏÉ ãä ÇáÏíä¡ ÝÇááå Ãæ ÇáÏíä áíÓ ãÕÏÑÇð ááÔÑÚíÉ ÇáÊí ÊÊãÊÚ ÈåÇ ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ Ýí ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æáÇ ÊÊæÞÝ ÔÑÚíÉ ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ Úáì Ãä ÊäÇá ÇÚÊÑÇÝÇð ÈåÇ ãä ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æåÐÇ Ýí ãÞÇÈá ãÇ ßÇä íÓæÏ Ýí ÇáÚÕæÑ ÇáæÓØì ÇáãÓíÍíÉ ãä ßæä ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ Ýí ÇáÏæáÉ ÇãÊÏÇÏ ááÓáØÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ Ýí ÇáßäíÓÉ æáÇ ÊäÇá ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ ÔÑÚíÊåÇ æÊÈÑíÑåÇ ÅáÇ Úä ØÑíÞ ÇÚÊÑÇÝ ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ ÈåÇ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÈíäãÇ ÃÕÈÍ ãÕÏÑ ÇáÔÑÚíÉ Ýí ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ åæ ÇáÔÚÈ æÞÏ ÇÚÊÈÑ ÈÃäøå åæ ãÕÏÑ ÇáÓáØÇÊ. ÝáÐÇ åæ íÚØí ÇáÔÑÚíÉ ááÓáØÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÃãÇ ÈÇáäÓÈÉ Åáì ÇáÃãÑ ÇáËÇäí ÊÚäí ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ áÏì ÏÚÇÊåÇ Ãä íÞæã ÇáÊÔÑíÚ ÇáÏÓÊæÑí æÇáÞÇäæäí Ýí ÇáãÌÊãÚ æÇáÏæáÉ Úáì ÃÓÇÓ ÛíÑ Ïíäí¡ æíÔÊãá Ðáß Úáì ãÌÇáÇÊ ÇáÊÔÑíÚ ÈãÇ ÝíåÇ ãÌÇá ÇáÃãæÇá ÇáÔÎÕíÉ ááÝÑÏ æÇáÚÇÆáÉ ãä ÒæÇÌ æäÝÞÇÊ æãæÇÑíË æãÇ íÊÝÑÚ ãä Ðáß æíÚæÏ Åáíå</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÝÅÐä ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÌæåÑåÇ íÞæã ÈÃä Êßæä ÔÑÚíÉ ÇáÓáØÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ ÝíåÇ ãÓÊãÏÉ ãä ÇáÔÚÈ æãä Ëã ÝÅäø åÐå ÇáÓáØÉ áÇ ÊÓÊãÏ ÔÑÚíÊåÇ ãä Çááå¡ æÃä íßæä ÊÔÑíÚåÇ ÞÇÆãÇð Úáì ÃÓÓ ÛíÑ ÏíäíÉ</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æßÐáß ÇÚÊÈÑ ÌæÑÌ ØÑÇÈíÔí ÈÃäø ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÍÏíËÉ ÇáäÇÌÒÉ åí ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æíäÌã Úä Ðáß Ãä ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ åí Ýí ÌæåÑåÇ ãÓÃáÉ ÓíÇÓíÉ¡ áÇ ãÓÃáÉ ÏíäíÉ¡ æåÐÇ ãÚäÇå ÃäåÇ ãÓÃáÉ ÊÇÈÚÉ ááÏæáÉ áÇ ááÏíä</strong><strong>( ).</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÅãÇ ãæÇÕÝÇÊ ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ Ýåí ÓíØÑÉ ÑÌÇá ÇáÏíä¡ æåÐÇ íÚäí Ãä åÐå ÇáÝÆÉ ÊÏÚí áäÝÓåÇ ÍÞæÞÇð ÇÓÊËäÇÆíÉ Úáì ÓÇÆÑ ÇáäÇÓ¡ æåÐÇ ÇáæÖÚ íÊíÍ áÑÌÇá ÇáÏíä Ãä íÊÍßãæÇ ÈãÕÇÆÑ ÇáäÇÓ ÈÓÈÈ ÞÏÑÊåã ÇáÇÓÊËäÇÆíÉ Úáì ÇáÊÃËíÑ ÇáÓíÇÓí æåÐÇ ãÎÇáÝ áÝßÑÉ ÇáÚÏÇáÉ¡ æÅäø ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ áÇ ÊÊãÊÚ ÈÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÇáÊØæÑ áÃäø ÞæÇäíäåÇ ËÇÈÊÉ ãÊÍÌÑÉ¡ áÃäø ÇáÏíä ÚäÏ ÃÊÈÇÚå íãËá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÇáãØáÞÉ æÇáäåÇÆíÉ ÛíÑ ÇáÞÇÈáÉ ááÊÛíÑ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ßÐáß íÓÊÍíá ÅÞÇãÉ ÏæáÉ ÏíäíÉ Ýí ãÌÊãÚ ÊÊÚÏÏ Ýíå ÇáØæÇÆÝ¡ æÅÐÇ æÌÏÊ ÊäÊÝí ÇáÚÏÇáÉ Èíä ãæÇØäíåÇ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æÅä ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ ÊÞæã Úáì ÇáäÕæÕ ÇáãÞÏÓÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ ÈÃä ÇáÃæáì ÊäÇÏí Åáì ÝÕá ãÇ Èíä ÇáÏíä æÇáÏæáÉ Ýí Ííä ÊÌÚá ÇáËÇäíÉ ãÑÌÚíÉ ÇáÍßã ãäÝÑØ ÈãÏì ãØÇÈÞÉ äÕæÕ ÏíäíÉ ãÞÏÓÉ æÊÝÓíÑÇÊåÇ¡ æãä ÃÈÑÒ ÓãÇÊ ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ åí ÇáÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÊßÇãáíÉ ãÇ Èíä ÃäÙãÉ ÑÌÇá ÇáÏíä ÇáßåäæÊíÉ æäÙÇã ÇáÍßã</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æßÇä ÇáÍá åæ ÇáÊÍæá ãä ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ Åáì ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ (áÇ ÏíäíÉ) æÐáß áÇÍÊæÇÁ æÅÎãÇÏ ÇáÊäÇÒÚ ãÇ Èíä ÃÕÍÇÈ ÇáÏíÇäÇÊ Ãæ ÇáãÐÇåÈ ÇáãÎÊáÝÉ Ýí ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáæÇÍÏÉ ÝÊßæä ãÑÌÚíÊåã ÇáÏÓÊæÑ æÇáÞÇäæä æÇáãÏäí ÈÏáÇð ãä ÇáßÊÇÈ ÇáãÞÏÓ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>Åäø ÍÑßÉ ÇáÚáãäÉ åí ãæáæÏ ØÈíÚí áÕÚæÏ ÇáÞæì ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ ÇáãÑÇåäÉ Úáì ÖÈØ ÍÑßÉ ÇáßäíÓÉ æÇáÍÏ ãä ÓáØÇä ÇáÏíä æáÞÏ ÊäÇæáäÇ Ýí åÐÇ ÇáÈÍË ÈÇáÏÑÓ æÇáÊÍáíá áãæÖæÚ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ßíÝ ÙåÑÊ¿ æßíÝ ÇäÊÞáÊ Åáì ÇáÅÓáÇã¿</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>áíÓ ÇáÛÑÖ ãä åÐÇ ÇáÈÍË ÇáÊÞÇÁ ãÝåæã ÇáÅÓáÇã æÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ÈÞÏÑ ãÇ Ãäå ÚÑÖ ÊÇÑíÎí áãÝåæã ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>æáßä íÈÞì ÇáÓÄÇá ÇáãÝÊæÍ: åá ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ ßÇäÊ ÍáÇð ÌÐÑíÇð áãÔßáÉ ÇáÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ÇáÏíä æÇáÏæáÉ¿ Ãæ Ãäø åäÇß ÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÇáÇÓÊÈÏÇÏ¡ æåá Êáß ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáßÈÑì ÇáÊí äÇÏÊ ÈÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÇáÍÏÇËÉ áã ÊÓÊÎÏã ÚáãÇäíÊåÇ ÈÔßá ãÓÊÈÏ¿</strong></p> <p style="direction: rtl;"><strong>ÝÅäø ÃÓÇÓ ÇáÎáÇÝ Èíä ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÚáãÇäíÉ æÇáÏæáÉ áÇ ÏíäíÉ áÇ íÚæÏ Åáì Ãäø ÇáÏæáÉ ÇáÏíäíÉ ÊÑÇåä Úáì ÅÞÇãÉ ÓáØÉ ÓíÇÓíÉ ãØáÞÉ ÊÊÃÓÓ Úáì ÇáÛíÈíÇÊ ÇáäÇÝíÉ áÏæÑ ÇáÈÔÑ¡ ãÞÇÈá ÏæáÉ ÚáãÇäíÉ ÊäÇÏí ÈÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä æÈÅÞÇãÉ ÓáØÉ ÒãÇäíÉ äÓÈíÉ Èá Åäø ÃÓÇÓ ÇáãÔßáÉ íßãä Ýí ÇáÊÃÓíÓ ÇáäÙÑí áßá ãäåãÇ æÊÍÏíÏÇð ÏæÑ ÇáãÈÇÏÆ ÇáÏíäíÉ Ýí ÊæÌíå ÇáÍíÇÉ ÇáÎÇÕÉ æÇáÚÇãÉ</strong><strong>.</strong></p>